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Romanes attempted to model the Darwinian natural history methodology to trace the evolution of the human mind. Romanes described the mental and physical functions associated with the animal world and argued that animal, like human, intelligence evolved through behavioral conditioning and positive reinforcement.

Romanes’ approach was anthropomorphic; he attributed human thought, intelligence, and emotions to nonhuman animals. He ascribed anger, fear and jealousy to fish; pride, affection, and sympathy to birds; and shyness and reason to dogs. These were powerful Darwinian symbols of an emotional connection to our animal ancestors.